Шанхайский проект километрового высокотемпературного сверхпроводящего кабеля
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2026-7-17-24Ключевые слова:
высокотемпературный сверхпроводящий (ВТСП) кабель, километровый масштаб, система охлаждения, прокладка в трубах, промежуточная соединительная муфтаАннотация
Высокотемпературные сверхпроводящие (ВТСП) кабели, характеризующиеся высокой плотностью критического тока и чрезвычайно низкими потерями при передаче электроэнергии, представляют собой перспективное решение, обеспечивающее высокую пропускную способность и надёжность электроснабжения в густонаселённых районах. Статья посвящена первому в мире демонстрационному проекту километрового ВТСП-кабеля напряжением 35 кВ, реализованному в Шанхае. В рамках проекта четыре цепи обычных кабелей из сшитого полиэтилена общей протяженностью 1,2 км и номинальной мощностью 133 МВ‧А заменяются трехфазным интегрально обмотанным ВТСП-кабелем для электроснабжения центрального городского района. В статье подробно рассмотрена конструкция системы, включая трёхфазную криодиэлектрическую структуру кабеля, специально разработанные концевые муфты с секционированными токовводами переменного сечения и многокомпонентную резервированную гибридную систему охлаждения. Описывается выполнение ключевых этапов: прокладка в трубах на полную длину, монтаж на месте и испытания при полной нагрузке. Анализируется три основных технических новшества: технология синхронного управления «тяга–транспортировка–подача» для прокладки без повреждений по сложным трассам; механизм двойной дуговой активной компенсации для управления значительной термической усадкой в промежуточных соединительных муфтах; высоконадёжная гибридная архитектура охлаждения, сочетающая системы Стирлинга, обратного цикла Брайтона и вакуумной откачки. Успешный ввод в эксплуатацию и долговременная стабильная работа данного проекта представляют собой важную веху в области сверхпроводящей передачи электроэнергии, подтверждая технико-экономическую осуществимость километровых ВТСП-кабелей и знаменуя значительный шаг на пути к их широкомасштабному коммерческому применению.
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1. Jin Z.J. et al. Research Progress and Future Prospect of High-Temperature Superconducting Power Application Technology in Chi-na. – High Voltage Engineering, 2025, vol. 51, No. 8, pp. 4042–4059
2. Li W.Q. et al. Power Frequency Breakdown Characteristics of Low-Temperature Composite Insulation Materials for High-Temperature Superconducting Cables. – Wire & Cable, 2025, vol. 68, No. 9, pp. 32–39, DOI: 10.16105/j.dxdl.1672-6901.20250154/.
3. Faurskov J. Levelized Cost of Energy of Renewable Power Passing Through a Superconducting Cable. Frederiksborgvej: Technical University of Denmark, 2025, 72 p.
4. Kou S.M., Xu Z.X., Zhang X.Z. Research on Solving the Capacity Expansion Bottleneck of Shanghai Power Grid with High-Temperature Superconducting Cables. – Shanghai Energy Conservation, 2026, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 329–334.
5. Zhang X.Z. Carbon Emission Analysis of Shanghai Kilometer-Scale High-Temperature Superconducting Cable Power Transmission Project. – Cryogenics and Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 50, No. 12, pp. 21–24, DOI: 10.16711/j.1001-7100.2022.12.004.
6. Huang C.Q. et al. Current Technical Status and Development Trend of China's Cable Industry. – Wire & Cable, 2024, vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 1–8, DOI: 10.16105/j.dxdl.1672-6901.202406001.
7. Hua X.Z., Wu Y.H., Qi C.H. Introduction of 35 kV Kilometer-Scale High-Temperature Superconducting Cable Demonstration Project in Shanghai. – Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 2, DOI: 10.1016/j.supcon.2022.100008.
8. Xie W. Key Technologies and Engineering Application of Long-Distance Superconducting Cable System. Shanghai: State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, 2023.
9. Zhang X.Z., Zong X.H., Huang Y.J. Design Research on Shanghai Kilometer-Scale Superconducting Cable. – Cryogenics and Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 50, No. 6, pp. 35–41, DOI: 10.16711/j.1001-7100.2022.06.006.
10. Han Y.W., Zong M., Zong X.H. Shanghai 35 kV Kilometer-Scale High-Temperature Superconducting Cable Project. – Wire & Cable, 2025, vol. 68, No. 9, pp. 90–94, DOI: 10.16105/j.dxdl.1672-6901.20250133.
11. Yang Y.F. et al. Research on Energy Consumption Characteristics of 110 kV High-Temperature Superconducting Cables. – Chinese Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 2024, vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 111–119, DOI: 10.13380/j.ltpl.2024.02.005
12. Liu H.X., Zhang P.S., Fang J. Design and Analysis of Stress Cone Based on High-Temperature Superconducting Cable Terminal. – Cryogenics and Superconductivity, 2025, vol. 53, No. 7, pp. 12–16
13. Tao W.B. et al. Three-Phase AC High-Temperature Superconducting Cable Refrigeration System. – Wire & Cable, 2025, vol. 68, No. 9, pp. 77–82, DOI: 10.16105/j.dxdl.1672-6901.20250168.
14. Han Y., Zong X., Xie W. Cooling System for China's 35 kV/2.2 kA/1.2 km High-Temperature Superconducting Cable Achi-eves Two-Year Successful Operation. – Superconductivity, 2024, vol. 10, DOI: 10.1016/j.supcon.2024.100100.
15. Yu S.H. et al. Calculation of Relevant Material Parameters and Stress Analysis for Superconducting Cable Laying. – Proceedings of 2025 (3rd) Urban Power Grid Technology Innovation Conference, Professional Committee on Urban Power Grid, China Electric Power Technology Market Association, 2025, pp. 771–775.
16. Xu K. et al. Traction Construction of Kilometer-Scale 35 kV High-Temperature Superconducting Cables in Conventional Paths. – Building Construction, 2022, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 572–575.
17. The World's First 35 kV Kilometer-Scale Superconducting Power Transmission Demonstration Project Achieves Full-Load Operation. – Transformer, 2023, vol. 60, No. 9, pp. 50.
18. Han Y.W., Huang C.Q., Zong X.H. Application Scenarios and Industrial Development of High-Temperature Superconducting Cables. – Strategic Study of CAE, 2024, vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 198–209, DOI: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2024.04.023.
19. Zhang T.T. et al. Inspection Method of Welding Quality of Superconducting Pipes by Endoscope Equipment. – Proceedings of 2024 (2nd) Urban Power Grid Technology Innovation Conference, Professional Committee on Urban Power Grid, China Electric Power Technology Market Association, 2024, pp. 32–34.
20. Zhang T.T. et al. Application of Helium Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector in Superconducting Cables. – In: Proceedings of 2024 (2nd) Urban Power Grid Technology Innovation Conference, Professional Committee on Urban Power Grid, China Electric Power Technology Market Association, 2024, pp. 29–31.
21. Zhu H.L. et al. Simulation and Experimental Study on Decompression Refrigeration of High-Temperature Superconducting Cables. – Modern Transmission, 2024, No. 1, pp. 47–50, DOI: 10.3969/ j.issn.1673-5137.2024.01.005.
22. NB/T 11514-2024. National Energy Administration. Design Code for 35 kV and Below AC Superconducting Power Cable Lines. Beijing: China Planning Press, 2024.
23. Zhai H. Research on the Application of Superconducting Materials in the Energy System. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2025, vol. 3030, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/3030/1/012011.
24. Yu X.X. A Review of the Development and Future Trends of Power Transmission Technologies in Electrical Engineering. – Electric Engineering, 2026, vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 13–18, DOI: 10.19768/j.cnki.dgj
