Architecture, Key Technologies, and Hardware Development for V2G System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2026-5-29-41Keywords:
V2G technology, four-layer architecture, matrix converter, active rectifier, mathematical model, wireless charging systems, battery lifetimeAbstract
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology enables bidirectional energy interaction between electric vehicles (EV) and the power grid, allowing EV batteries to be used as distributed energy storage resources within modern power systems. This article investigates the system operational modes, architecture, key technologies, and practical implementation of V2G. A particular focus is placed on the V2G basic module mathematical model developed by the authors. Four distinct V2G operation modes are analyzed: centralized dispatch, autonomous response, microgrid collaboration, and battery swapping based service. Each mode offers unique advantages for integrating electric vehicles into power grids. A four‑layer V2G system architecture is proposed, comprising the physical devices layer, communication control layer, aggregation scheduling layer, and grid interaction layer. This architecture enables seamless bidirectional energy and information flow while addressing interoperability and cybersecurity requirements. The study reviews critical technologies for V2G deployment, including intelligent bidirectional charging topologies, and the proposed mathematical model of the basic module, wireless charging systems, and battery lifetime management. Based on the topology analysis, a 20 kW intelligent bidirectional charging module prototype is developed and experimentally validated. The module features an ultra‑wide voltage range, peak efficiency of 96 %, and robust protection mechanisms, thereby providing a reliable hardware platform for V2G integration. Collectively, these results establish a foundation for future research and large‑scale V2G implementation, highlighting its potential to enhance grid stability, support renewable energy integration, and promote sustainable transportation.
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1. Zhu Z. et al. Research on the Key Technology of V2G for Electric Vehicles. – Electrotechnical Application, 2021, vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 36–43.
2. Zecchino A. et al. Large-Scale Provision of Frequency Control via V2G: The Bornholm Power System Case. – Electric Power Systems Research, 2019, vol. 170, pp. 25–34, DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2018.12.027.
3. Revankar S.R., Kalkhambkar V.N. Grid Integration of Battery Swapping Station: A Review – Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, vol. 41, DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102937.
4. Du P. et al. Enhancing Green Mobility Through Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: Potential, Technological Barriers, and Policy Implications. – Energy & Environmental Science, 2025, vol. 18, No. 10, pp. 4496–4520, DOI: 10.1039/D5EE00116A.
5. Huang Z., Cheng N., Jiang Y. Multi-Time-Scale Scheduling Strategy of V2G Aggregators Considering EV Peak Regulating Demand Response Reliability. – High Voltage Engineering, 2024, DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.20231247.
6. YUAN J. et al. A Review of Bidirectional On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles. – IEEE Access, 2021, vol. 9, pp. 51501–51518, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069448.
7. Sorokin D., Volskiy S., Skorokhod Y. Development of the Control System for Three-Phase Power Factor Corrector. – Conference: PCIM Europe 2019 – Int. Exhibition and Conf. for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, 2019.
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27. Volskiy N., Krapivnoi M., Sukhov D. The Charging Station for Fast-Charging Batteries of Two Electric Vehicles. – PCIM Asia 2024 – Int. Exhibition and Conf. for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, 2024, pp. 199–204, DOI: 10.30420/566414036
